功能强大的调制叶绿素荧光成像测量系统
Schreiber教授因发明PAM系列调制叶绿素荧光仪而获得首届国际光合作用协会（ISPR）创新奖

Maxi-探头成像面积10×13 cm 可利用96孔板同时测量96个微藻样品，进行毒理学研究或突变株筛选。 可选红色激发光版本，用于蓝藻研究	Mini-探头 成像面积24×32 mm 可选红色激发光版本，用于蓝藻研究	Microscopy-探头成像面积130×150 um 在显微水平上进行藻类生理研究

主要功能
 * 对水生植物、珊瑚、大型海藻样品，或多孔板上的微藻样品进行荧光成像测量
 * 测量程序包括荧光诱导曲线、快速光曲线、淬灭分析、暗弛豫分析等
 * 自定义感兴趣的区域（AOI），数据无限获取
 * 以个AOI（微藻）为对照，软件自动计算其它所有AOI（有毒物质处理的微藻）的光合活性受抑制的比率
 * 光合横向异质性的定量分析
 * 荧光图像可导出为JPEG、PNG或TIFF格式

应用领域
微藻、大型海藻、珊瑚、水生植物的生理学研究，特别适于模式种的突变株快速筛选，以及大批量微藻样品的毒理学研究。

MAXI-探头可以与96孔板连用，进行微藻毒理学研究或微藻突变株筛选。 微藻毒理学研究的实验方法可以参考Schreiber et al. Methodology and evaluation of a highly sensitive algae toxicity test based on multiwell chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2007, 22:2554-2563.

成像参数Fo, Fm, F, Ft, Fm', Fv/Fm, ΔF/Fm', qL, qP, qN, NPQ, Y(NPQ), Y(NO), ETR, Abs, NIR和Red等
* 以上所有参数均可成像
* 吸光系数Abs和新参数qL、Y(NPQ)和Y(NO)的成像是IMAGING-PAM独有的
* 生态毒理学研究中，选一个参考点，可以直接求出其它处理（如农药）的受抑制程度Inh.

IMAGING-PAM应用于水生生物学、海洋学、毒理学等领域的部分文献
1.Császár NBM, Ralph PJ, Frankham R, Berkelmans R, van Oppen MJH: Estimating the Potential for Adaptation of Corals to Climate Warming. PLoS ONE2010, 5(3):e9751. doi:9710.1371/journal.pone..[IMAGING-PAM]
2.Gao S, Chen X-Y, Yi Q-Q, Wang G-C, Pan G-H, Lin A-P, Peng G: A Strategy for the Proliferation of Ulva prolifera, Main Causative Species of Green Tides, with Formation of Sporangia by Fragmentation. PLoS One 2010, 5(1):e8571. doi:8510.1371/journal.pone..[IMAGING-PAM]
3.段晓琼, 唐秋菊, 禇胜利, 杜林方: 利用Imaging-PAM研究莱茵衣藻对环境变化的影响. 植物生理学通讯2010, 46(3):263-267.[IMAGING-PAM]
4.Chalifour A, Spear PA, Boily MH, DeBlois C, Giroux I, Dassylva N, Juneau P: Assessment of toxic effects of pesticide extracts on different green algal species by using chlorophyll a fluorescence. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry2009, 91(7):1315-1329.[IMAGING-PAM]
5.Cooper TF, Ulstrup KE: Mesoscale variation in the photophysiology of the reef building coral Pocillopora damicornis along an environmental gradient Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science2009, 83(2):186-196.[IMAGING-PAM]
6.Escher BI, Bramaz N, Lienert J, Neuwoehner J, Straub JO: Mixture toxicity of the antiviral drug Tamiflu® (oseltamivir ethylester) and its active metabolite oseltamivir acid Aquatic Toxicology2009, 96(3):194-202.[IMAGING-PAM]
7.Franz S, Altenburger R, Heilmeier H, Schmitt-Jansen M: What contributes to the sensitivity of microalgae to triclosan? . Aquatic Toxicology2009, 90(2):102-108.[IMAGING-PAM]
8.Holzinger A, Roleda MY, Lütz C: The vegetative arctic freshwater green algaZygnema is insensitive to experimental UV exposure Micron2009, 40(8):931-838.[IMAGING-PAM]
9.Mieog JC, Olsen JL, Berkelmans R, Bleuler-Martinez SA, Willis BL, Oppen MJHv: The Roles and Interactions of Symbiont, Host and Environment in Defining Coral Fitness. PLoS One2009, 4(7):e6364.[IMAGING-PAM]
10.Shaw M, Negri A, Fabricius K, Mueller JF: Predicting water toxicity: Pairing passive sampling with bioassays on the Great Barrier Reef Aquatic Toxicology2009, 95(2):108-116.[IMAGING-PAM]
11.Sussman M, Mieog JC, Doyle J, Victor S, Willis BL, Bourne DG: Vibrio Zinc-Metalloprotease Causes Photoinactivation of Coral Endosymbionts and Coral Tissue Lesions. PLoS ONE2009, 4(2):e4511.[IMAGING-PAM]
12.Vermeirssen ELM, Bramaz N, Hollender J, Singer H, Escher BI: Passive sampling combined with ecotoxicological and chemical analysis of pharmaceuticals and biocides – evaluation of three Chemcatcher™ configurations Water Research2009, 43(4):903-914.[IMAGING-PAM]
13.林阿朋, 王超, 乔洪金, 潘光华, 王广策, 宋厉芸, 孙松, 周百成: 青岛海域漂浮和沉降浒苔的光合作用研究. 科学通报2009, 54(4):294-298.[MICROSCOPY-IMAGING-PAM]
14.Abrego D, Ulstrup KE, Willis BL, van Oppen MJH: Species–specific interactions between algal endosymbionts and coral hosts define their bleaching response to heat and light stress Proc R Soc Lond B2008, 275(1648):2273-2282.[IMAGING-PAM]
15.Ainsworth TD, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Heron SF, Skirving WJ, Leggat W: Early cellular changes are indicators of pre-bleaching thermal stress in the coral host Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2008, 364(2):63-71.[IMAGING-PAM]
16.Ali NA, Juneau P, Didur O, Perreault F, Popovic R: Effect of dichromate on photosystem II activity in xanthophyll deficient mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynthesis Research2008, 95(1):45-53.[IMAGING-PAM]
17.Busch A, Rimbauld B, Naumann B, Rensch S, Hippler M: Ferritin is required for rapid remodeling of the photosynthetic apparatus and minimizes photo-oxidative stress in response to iron availability in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Journal2008, 55(2):201-211.[IMAGING-PAM]
18.Escher BI, Bramaz N, Mueller JF, Quayle P, Rutishauser S, Vermeirssen ELM: Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) for baseline toxicity and specific modes of action as a tool to improve interpretation of ecotoxicity testing of environmental samples. Journal of Environmental Monitoring2008, 10:612-621.[IMAGING-PAM, TOXY-PAM]
19.Hall-Spencer JM, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Martin S, Ransome E, Fine M, Turner SM, Rowley SJ, Tedesco D, Buia M-C: Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature2008, 454:96-99.[IMAGING-PAM, DIVING-PAM]
20.Magnusson M, Heimann K, Negri AP: Comparative effects of herbicides on photosynthesis and growth of tropical estuarine microalgae Marine Pollution Bulletin2008, 56(9):1545-1552.[IMAGING-PAM, TOXY-PAM]
21.Middlebrook R, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Leggat W: The effect of thermal history on the susceptibility of reef-building corals to thermal stress. Journal of Experimental Biology2008, 211(7):1050-1056.[IMAGING-PAM]
22.Muller R, Schreiber U, Escher BI, Quayle P, Nash SMB, Mueller JF: Rapid exposure assessment of PSII herbicides in surface water using a novel chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging assay Science of The Total Environment2008, 401(1-3):1-3.[IMAGING-PAM, TOXY-PAM]
23.Nicolaisen K, Moslavac S, Samborski A, Valdebenito M, Hantke K, Maldener I, Muro-Pastor AM, Flores E, Schleiff E: Alr0397 is an outer membrane transporter for the siderophore schizokinen in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Journal of Bacteriology2008, 190(22):7500-7507.[IMAGING-PAM]
24.Nielsen HD, Nielsen SL: Evaluation of imaging and conventional PAM as a measure of photosynthesis in thin- and thick-leaved marine macroalgae. Aquatic Biology2008, 3:121-131.[IMAGING-PAM]
25.Roff G, Kvennefors ECE, Ulstrup KE, Fine M, Hoegh-Guldberg O: Coral disease physiology: the impact of Acroporid white syndrome on Symbiodinium Coral Reefs2008, 27(2):373-377.[IMAGING-PAM]
26.Roff G, Ulstrup KE, Fine M, Ralph PJ, Hoegh-Guldberg O: Spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic activity within diseased corals from the Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Phycology2008, 44(2):526-538.[IMAGING-PAM]
27.Shaw CM, Lam PKS, Mueller JF: Photosystem II herbicide pollution in Hong Kong and its potential photosynthetic effects on corals Marine Pollution Bulletin2008, 57(6-12):473-478.[IMAGING-PAM]
28.Costanzo SD, Watkinson AJ, Murby EJ, Kolpin DW, Sandstrom MW: Is there a risk associated with the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) commonly found in aquatic environments? . Science of The Total Environment2007, 384(1-3):214-220.[IMAGING-PAM]
29.Küster A, Altenburger R: Development and validation of a new fluorescence-based bioassay for aquatic macrophyte species Chemosphere2007, 67(1):194-201.[IMAGING-PAM]
30.Runcie JW, Riddle MJ: Assessing the toxic effects of dissolved copper on the Antarctic macroalga Desmarestia menziesii using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging in ecotoxicological tests Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry2007, 89(4):641-653.[DIVING-PAM, IMAGING-PAM]
31.Schreiber U, Quayle P, Schmidt S, Escher BI, Mueller JF: Methodology and evaluation of a highly sensitive algae toxicity test based on multiwell chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Biosensors and Bioelectronics2007, 22(11):2554-2563.[IMAGING-PAM]
32.Ulstrup KE, Kühl M, Bourne DG: Zooxanthellae harvested by ciliates associated with brown band syndrome of corals remain photosynthetically competent. Applied and Environmental Microbiology2007, 73(6):1968-1975.[IMAGING-PAM]
33.Eggert A, Haubner N, Klausch S, Karsten U, Schumann R: Quantification of algal biofilms colonising building materials: chlorophyll a measured by PAM-fluorometry as a biomass parameter. Biofouling2006, 22(1-2):79-90.[PAM-2000, IMAGING-PAM]
34.Escher BI, Quayle P, Muller R, Schreiber U, Mueller JF: Passive sampling of herbicides combined with effect analysis in algae using a novel high-throughput phytotoxicity assay (Maxi-Imaging-PAM). Journal of Environmental Monitoring2006, 8:456-464.[IMAGING-PAM]
35.Kuster A, Altenburger R: Development and validation of a new fluorescence-based bioassay for aquatic macrophyte species. Chemosphere2006, 67(1):194-201.[IMAGING-PAM]
36.Vopel K, Hawes I: Photosynthetic performance of benthic microbial mats in Lake Hoare, Antarctica. Limnology and Oceanography2006, 51(4):1801-1812.[IMAGING-PAM]
37.Gog L, Berenbaum MR, DeLucia EH, Zangerl AR: Autotoxic effects of essential oils on photosynthesis in parsley, parsnip, and rough lemon. Chemoecology2005, 15:115-119.[IMAGING-PAM]
38.Kühl M, Chen M, Ralph PJ, Schreiber U, Larkum AWD: A niche for cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll d. Nature2005, 433:820.[IMAGING-PAM]
39.Nielsen HD, Nielsen SL: Photosynthetic responses to Cu2+ exposure are independent of light acclimation and uncoupled from growth inhibition in Fucus serratus (Phaeophyceae) Marine Pollution Bulletin2005, 51(8-12):715-721.[IMAGING-PAM]
40.Podola B, Melkonian M: Selective real-time herbicide monitoring by an array chip biosensor employing diverse microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology2005, 17(3):261-271.[IMAGING-PAM]
41.Ralph PJ, Macinnis-Ng CMO, Frankart C: Fluorescence imaging application: effect of leaf age on seagrass photokinetics. Aquatic Botany2005, 81:69-84.[IMAGING-PAM]
42.Ralph PJ, Schreiber U, Gademann R, Kühl M, Larkum AWD: Coral photobiology studied with a new imaging pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. Journal of Phycology2005, 41(2):335-342.[IMAGING-PAM]
43.Hill R, Larkum AWD, Frankart C, Kühl M, Ralph PJ: Loss of functional Photosystem II reaction centres in zooxanthellae of corals exposed to bleaching conditions: using fluorescence rise kinetics. Photosynthesis Research2004, 82:59-72.[IMAGING-PAM]
44.Hill R, Schreiber U, Gademann R, Larkum AWD, Kühl M, Ralph PJ: Spatial heterogeneity of photosynthesis and the effect of temperature-induced bleaching conditions in three species of corals. Marine Biology2004, 144:633-640.[IMAGING-PAM]
45.Podola B, Nowack ECM, Melkonian M: The use of multiple-strain algal sensor chips for the detection and identification of volatile organic compounds. Biosensors and Bioelectronics2004, 19:1253-1260.[IMAGING-PAM]